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How to achieve this sort of navigation?

I am a bit new to android development, and I do not know how to achieve something like this? I thought it is bottom navigation view and fragments connected to it, but maybe there is a proper or correct way to achieve something like this ?
So when you click on tools, it expands from the bottom to top and gives you more buttons. .
What is the best way of achieving this or maybe there are some links I can read on?
Thank you!

That looks like a BottomSheetDialogFragment to me. You can read more about them in item 4 here: https://code.tutsplus.com/articles/how-to-use-bottom-sheets-with-the-design-support-library--cms-26031

What's is this called and how can I do this?

Attached I have a picture of what I want to do, but I have no idea what it's called, making it very hard to ask the right question or search for the answer.
I want to make it so that when an item in my listview is clicked, a small little drop down will appear, able to show the user a little note. I have no idea what to call that drop down or how to implement something like this in my code.
Thanks in advance.

As described in the comments above, what I was looking for is known as an ExpandableListView.

Is there a common way to create sliding sub-views in a list?

The idea isn't very complicated, and I'm pretty sure I've seen it before, the following image illustrates the idea:
See this picture since it won't let me embed yet
I figure this would be a pretty common thing, but I just don't know what it is called.
I have found some information just by doing some searching, but most are from pull up menus from the bottom of the screen etc. I can figure out how to get something to "slide" out, but not really sure how to push everything else down.
Not looking for someone to code this for me, just some pointers.

i think you want to implement expandable list view. so please view this link .

Android: make paging effect

I would like to develop an application, which has a part, when I have to print a long text on the screen. My question is: What layout or view or ? are you recommend for Me, if I want to make paging effect? Some text could reserve more pages, and I would like to scroll between these pages with an effect like e-book readers does it. What shall I prefer? Webview? TextView with modifications? Canvas? Or What?
Please give me tips. (I just need some direction to where shall I start now)
Thanks in advance!

I think you're refering to the ViewPager :
http://developer.android.com/training/animation/screen-slide.html
If so, I recommend you to follow this training and come back on StackOverFlow if you have a problem, with some code, or something you've tried and hasn't worked.

Custom pop up or spinner for android

i found a design in IOS that i really like but i cant figure out how to do it in android i have tried doing a custom spinner and am having a hard time with it and i thought of using a pop up but i need to be able to put clickable button in the pop up, so i think a spinner is my best change. I am going to post a picture of what i am trying to accomplish, specifically on the little half box on the top of the drop down! Thanks would really Appreciate some help thanks!!!! ![enter image description here][1] Also i have seen this in Android as well so i know it can be done. http://i.imgur.com/L1ftrSU.png

It's action you showed in your image is called QuickAction, there are many tutorials on how to create one:
Try the NewQuickAction lib, it has a number of modes, and one of them will give you exactly the same layout as your sample image. Here's a quick tutorial for using the library. Have used this lib for 2 years and worked quite well.
This tutorial offers another method to accomplish the same thing, worth checking out as well.

You can use OptionMenu. Refer to this link!