I deliver a ArrayList to another method, where I just wanna readout a specific String of the list.
public void pruefeWerHat(ArrayList<Teilnehmer> test){
System.out.println(test);
I get this in LogCat
"1 PeterPan 0 0, 2 Hansi 0 0"
now I just want to use the name, but if I say (after sysout)
String name = test.get(1);
the problem he said to is, that he cannot convert from Teilnehmer to String. I also tested Teilnehmer.get(1) but it doesn't work neither.
When you do
System.out.println(test);
the toString() method is automatically used. This method is in the Object class, so all objects in java can call this method.
When you do
String name = test.get(1);
the toString() method is not called on it's own, you have to call it yourself. To do this, simply use
String name = test.get(1).toString();
Also, if you want to change what is printed, you can overwrite the toString() method in your class.
#Overwrite
public String toString() {
String stringToPrint = "This string will be printed";
return stringToPrint;
}
Now when you do
System.out.println(test);
instead of seeing "1 PeterPan 0 0, 2 Hansi 0 0" you will see "This string will be printed" (or whatever you choose to add in your toString() implementation.
When you print test toString function is called so use this in your code
String name = test.get(1).toString();
What are the members of Teilnehmer?
You need to use something like
string name = (Teilnehmer)test[1].Name
where Name is the field you are trying to extract
The get(int index) method available to ArrayList returns type E. In this instance, it returns type Teilnehmer, which is obviously not a String. You can try and cast Teilnehmer (although probably not desirable) to String or simply call the .toString() method (e.g; test.get(1).toString()) inherited from type Object. Or, if desired, calling a method that returns a String. test.get(1).getNameAsString();
The reason you are allowed to call the type in System.out.println(Teilnehmer) is that println makes a call to the object's string representation:
public void println(Object x) {
String s = String.valueOf(x);
synchronized (this) {
print(s);
newLine();
}
}
Related
I have a class defined as follows:
public class Person {
private String name;
// constructor and getter/setter omitted
}
I tried to print an instance of my class:
System.out.println(myPerson);
but I got the following output: com.foo.Person#2f92e0f4.
A similar thing happened when I tried to print an array of Person objects:
Person[] people = //...
System.out.println(people);
I got the output: [Lcom.foo.Person;#28a418fc
What does this output mean? How do I change this output so it contains the name of my person? And how do I print collections of my objects?
Note: this is intended as a canonical Q&A about this subject.
Background
All Java objects have a toString() method, which is invoked when you try to print the object.
System.out.println(myObject); // invokes myObject.toString()
This method is defined in the Object class (the superclass of all Java objects). The Object.toString() method returns a fairly ugly looking string, composed of the name of the class, an # symbol and the hashcode of the object in hexadecimal. The code for this looks like:
// Code of Object.toString()
public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "#" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
A result such as com.foo.MyType#2f92e0f4 can therefore be explained as:
com.foo.MyType - the name of the class, i.e. the class is MyType in the package com.foo.
# - joins the string together
2f92e0f4 the hashcode of the object.
The name of array classes look a little different, which is explained well in the Javadocs for Class.getName(). For instance, [Ljava.lang.String means:
[ - an single-dimensional array (as opposed to [[ or [[[ etc.)
L - the array contains a class or interface
java.lang.String - the type of objects in the array
Customizing the Output
To print something different when you call System.out.println(myObject), you must override the toString() method in your own class. Here's a simple example:
public class Person {
private String name;
// constructors and other methods omitted
#Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
}
Now if we print a Person, we see their name rather than com.foo.Person#12345678.
Bear in mind that toString() is just one way for an object to be converted to a string. Typically this output should fully describe your object in a clear and concise manner. A better toString() for our Person class might be:
#Override
public String toString() {
return getClass().getSimpleName() + "[name=" + name + "]";
}
Which would print, e.g., Person[name=Henry]. That's a really useful piece of data for debugging/testing.
If you want to focus on just one aspect of your object or include a lot of jazzy formatting, you might be better to define a separate method instead, e.g. String toElegantReport() {...}.
Auto-generating the Output
Many IDEs offer support for auto-generating a toString() method, based on the fields in the class. See docs for Eclipse and IntelliJ, for example.
Several popular Java libraries offer this feature as well. Some examples include:
ToStringBuilder from Apache Commons Lang
MoreObjects.ToStringHelper from Google Guava
#ToString annotation from Project Lombok
Printing groups of objects
So you've created a nice toString() for your class. What happens if that class is placed into an array or a collection?
Arrays
If you have an array of objects, you can call Arrays.toString() to produce a simple representation of the contents of the array. For instance, consider this array of Person objects:
Person[] people = { new Person("Fred"), new Person("Mike") };
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(people));
// Prints: [Fred, Mike]
Note: this is a call to a static method called toString() in the Arrays class, which is different to what we've been discussing above.
If you have a multi-dimensional array, you can use Arrays.deepToString() to achieve the same sort of output.
Collections
Most collections will produce a pretty output based on calling .toString() on every element.
List<Person> people = new ArrayList<>();
people.add(new Person("Alice"));
people.add(new Person("Bob"));
System.out.println(people);
// Prints [Alice, Bob]
So you just need to ensure your list elements define a nice toString() as discussed above.
I think apache provides a better util class which provides a function to get the string
ReflectionToStringBuilder.toString(object)
Every class in Java has the toString() method in it by default, which is called if you pass some object of that class to System.out.println(). By default, this call returns the className#hashcode of that object.
{
SomeClass sc = new SomeClass();
// Class # followed by hashcode of object in Hexadecimal
System.out.println(sc);
}
You can override the toString method of a class to get different output. See this example
class A {
String s = "I am just a object";
#Override
public String toString()
{
return s;
}
}
class B {
public static void main(String args[])
{
A obj = new A();
System.out.println(obj);
}
}
In Eclipse,
Go to your class,
Right click->source->Generate toString();
It will override the toString() method and will print the object of that class.
I prefer to use a utility function which uses GSON to de-serialize the Java object into JSON string.
/**
* This class provides basic/common functionalities to be applied on Java Objects.
*/
public final class ObjectUtils {
private static final Gson GSON = new GsonBuilder().setPrettyPrinting().create();
private ObjectUtils() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Instantiation of this class is not permitted in case you are using reflection.");
}
/**
* This method is responsible for de-serializing the Java Object into Json String.
*
* #param object Object to be de-serialized.
* #return String
*/
public static String deserializeObjectToString(final Object object) {
return GSON.toJson(object);
}
}
In intellij you can auto generate toString method by pressing alt+inset and then selecting toString() here is an out put for a test class:
public class test {
int a;
char b;
String c;
Test2 test2;
#Override
public String toString() {
return "test{" +
"a=" + a +
", b=" + b +
", c='" + c + '\'' +
", test2=" + test2 +
'}';
}
}
As you can see, it generates a String by concatenating, several attributes of the class, for primitives it will print their values and for reference types it will use their class type (in this case to string method of Test2).
By default, every Object in Java has the toString() method which outputs the ObjectType#HashCode.
If you want more meaningfull information then you need to override the toString() method in your class.
public class Person {
private String name;
// constructor and getter/setter omitted
// overridding toString() to print name
public String toString(){
return name;
}
}
Now when you print the person object using System.out.prtinln(personObj); it will print the name of the person instead of the classname and hashcode.
In your second case when you are trying to print the array, it prints [Lcom.foo.Person;#28a418fc the Array type and it's hashcode.
If you want to print the person names, there are many ways.
You could write your own function that iterates each person and prints
void printPersonArray(Person[] persons){
for(Person person: persons){
System.out.println(person);
}
}
You could print it using Arrays.toString(). This seems the simplest to me.
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(persons));
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(persons)); // for nested arrays
You could print it the java 8 way (using streams and method reference).
Arrays.stream(persons).forEach(System.out::println);
There might be other ways as well. Hope this helps. :)
If you Directly print any object of Person It will the ClassName#HashCode to the Code.
in your case com.foo.Person#2f92e0f4 is getting printed . Where Person is a class to which object belongs and 2f92e0f4 is hashCode of the Object.
public class Person {
private String name;
public Person(String name){
this.name = name;
}
// getter/setter omitted
#override
public String toString(){
return name;
}
}
Now if you try to Use the object of Person then it will print the name
Class Test
{
public static void main(String... args){
Person obj = new Person("YourName");
System.out.println(obj.toString());
}
}
If you look at the Object class (Parent class of all classes in Java) the toString() method implementation is
public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "#" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
whenever you print any object in Java then toString() will be call. Now it's up to you if you override toString() then your method will call other Object class method call.
Using Lombok #Data annotation on class will provide getter, setter, toString and hashcode. Using Lombok is better as it handles boilerplate code.
For a "deep" toString() there is an alternative to the JSON based answers (Jackson, GSON, etc.): ReflectionToStringBuilder from the Apache Commons Lang 3 library, with RecursiveToStringStyle or MultilineRecursiveToStringStyle. Code example:
System.out.println("My object: " +
ReflectionToStringBuilder.toString(theObject, new RecursiveToStringStyle()));
Output examples:
// RecursiveToStringStyle
Person#7f54[name=Stephen,age=29,smoker=false,job=Job#43cd2[title=Manager]]
// MultilineRecursiveToStringStyle
Person#7f54[
name=Stephen,
age=29,
smoker=false,
job=Job#43cd2[
title=Manager
]
]
I managed to get this done using Jackson in Spring 5. Depending on the object it might not work in all cases.
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
System.out.println(mapper.writeValueAsString(yourObject));
the output would look like
{
"id" : 1,
"fieldOne" : "string"
}
Here are more examples using Jackson
If you use GSON instead It might look like
Gson gson = new Gson();
System.out.println(gson.toJson(yourObject));
If you are using project Lombok you could use the #ToString annotation and generate a standard toString() method without adding boilerplate.
import lombok.ToString;
#ToString
public class LoginDto {
private String user;
private String pass;
}
...
System.out.println(loginDto.toString());
// LoginDto(user=x#xxx.x, pass=xxxxx)
Well in my onActivityResult() method, i have a switch case condition like this:
if (resultList.getText().toString().toLowerCase().contains("Hi")){
Random random = new Random();
int numberOfMethods = 4;
switch(random.nextInt(numberOfMethods)) {
case 0:
String txthow = "Hi "+ data.toString()";
tts.speak(txthow, TextToSpeech.QUEUE_FLUSH, null);
break;
case 1:
String txthowdue = "How are you "+data.toString()+"?";
tts.speak(txthowdue, TextToSpeech.QUEUE_FLUSH, null);
break;
}
When my TTS repeat the data value it repeats something like intent\00n or anyway something not correct because that value would be for example a name David. i also declared private String data; but nothing change.
From the docs:
public String toString()
Returns a string representation of the
object. In general, the toString method returns a string that
"textually represents" this object. The result should be a concise but
informative representation that is easy for a person to read. It is
recommended that all subclasses override this method. The toString
method for class Object returns a string consisting of the name of the
class of which the object is an instance, the at-sign character `#',
and the unsigned hexadecimal representation of the hash code of the
object. In other words, this method returns a string equal to the
value of:
getClass().getName() + '#' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode())
This means that toString() will return a String representation of the Object. In this case it is an Intent object. What is probably returning is a String with the name of the Class and its location in memory.
What you want to do is to get the desired value from the Intent using one of its getX().
I have 3 strings in my strings.xml.
<string name="string1">Hello from string1</string>
<string name="string2">Hello from string2</string>
<string name="string3">Hello from string3</string>
Now, I have a method that I pass a string like "string1" or "string2":
void showStringToast(String sName) {
Toast.makeText(this, getString(R.string.[sName]), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
How do I properly reference R.string.sName when sName is being passed as a parameter?
you can pass parameter to your string using like:
<string name="string1">Hello from %1$s (or $d if you want to pass integer) %2$d (second parameter)</string>
Now pass parameter from getstring method:
getString(R.string.string1,first parameter ,second parameter ...);
see this
// try this
void showStringToast(String sName) {
Toast.makeText(this, getString(getResources().getIdentifier(sName, "string", getPackageName())), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
I haven't tried this code but I believe you could make use of HashMaps instead.
Declare a static HashMap somewhere, let's say in Constants.java
public static HashMap<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
then initialize your map. This must be inside a method or constructor
map.put("string1", "Hello from string1");
map.put("string2", "Hello from string2");
map.put("string3", "Hello from string3");
Now you can find your String with something like:
Toast.makeText(this, Constants.map.get(sName).toString(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Don't forget to import Constants.java
R.string.something is an integer value that contains a reference to your string. So , R.string.something is like a variable here. Have you ever done such thing that you have generated a variable by appending some string to make it like a variable name and your generated variable name working like a variable ? :)
Instead you can do like this. In your java source file , take your required string values to a String array from your resources. Then use them when necessary. Hope it helps.
Try This way:
void showStringToast(int sName) {
Toast.makeText(this, getString(sName), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
I have a method that returns one of about 20 possible strings from an EditText. Each of these strings has a corresponding response to be printed in a TextView from strings.xml. Is there a way to call a string from strings.xml using something like context.getResources().getString(R.strings."stringFromMethod")? Is there another way to call a string from a large list like that?
The only methods I can think of is converting each string to an int, and use that to find a string in a string array, or a switch statement. Both of which involve a huge amount if-else if statements to convert the string to an int, and would take just enough steps to change if any strings were added or taken away that I'd be more likely to miss one and have fun bug hunting. Any ideas to do this cleanly?
Edit: Forgot to add, another method I tried was using was to get the resourceID from
int ID = context.getResources().getIdentifier("stringFromMethod", "String", context.getPackageName())
and taking that integer and putting it in
context.getResources().getString(ID)
That doesn't appear to be working either.
No, you can't. The getString() requires the resource id in integer format, so you can't append a string to it.
You can, however, try this:
String packageName = context.getPackageName();
int resId = context.getResources().getIdentifier("stringFromMethod", "string", packageName);
if (resId == 0) {
throw new IllegalException("Unknown string resource!"; // can't find the string resource!
}
string stringVal = context.getString(resId);
The above statements will return string value of resource R.string.stringFromMethod.
You need to use reflection (pretty ugly but only solution) load the R class, and get the relevant field by you string and get the value of it.
this is what I used to do in these kind of situations, I will made a Array like
int[] stringIds = { R.string.firstCase,
R.string.secondCase, R.string.thridCase,
R.string.fourthCase,... };
int caseFromServer=getCaseofServerResponse();
here caseFromServer varies from 0 to wahtever
and then simply
context.getResources().getString(stringIds[caseFromServer]);
I would like to see if I can avoid a lengthy switch or if block by directly converting some strings into an object name. For example, I have a class called Example and I want to [edit] have up to 10 instances of the class Example1, Example2, so on. Can I use something like:
int ExampleNum = 2;
// can be changed to any 1-10 value corresponding to instances
String s = "Example" + String.valueOf(ExampleNum);
Refresh(s);
public void Refresh(Example example){
...
}
Thus I would create a string with the value of Example2 and pass that to my Refresh method.
[edit]
I don't want to use all the instances at once, but rather have other methods that change the int ExampleNum so that when I try to refresh it refreshes the appropriate Example instance.
Rather than saying:
if (ExampleNum == 2)
Refresh(Example2);
I would use the ExampleNum and String to use the right instance name;
Why not use array's instead??
Example[] e = null;
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
e[i] = new Example();
Refresh(e[i]);
}
Well, your code, as it stands now, doesn't make any sense since you're passing a String to Refresh, which takes an Example object as an argument.
However, if you're asking how you can create the strings Example1, Example2, ... Example 10, you can do this:
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
s = "Example" + i;
refresh(s); // assuming this takes a string
}