Develop Reference

How to configure manifest files for broadcast receiver module in Android?

I have a multi-module project. One of the sub-modules is just a broadcast receiver for homescreen widget. I am struggling with how to configure the manifest files for this (in both the app: module and receiver module). Does anybody have any examples of how this is done?
This is what i have currently in module manifest. Is there anything I need to add to this file? Any special configuration needed in parent app: modules manifest?
I currently get "can't load widget" error message when i try to place widget on homescreen.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.metrics">
<application>
<receiver
android:name="com.example.metrics.WidgetMetricsReceiver"
android:exported="false"
android:label="Metrics">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.appwidget.action.APPWIDGET_UPDATE" />
</intent-filter>
<meta-data
android:name="android.appwidget.provider"
android:resource="#xml/widget_metrics_info" />
</receiver>
</application>
</manifest>

Implement permissions on this exported component

I am coding an application for Android Automotive OS. It is a simple Hello World for now, but that is not the problem of the app so far.
To run the app in the in-built automotive emulator of Android Studio (I use the Canary version of Android Studio Electric Eel | 2022.1.1 Canary 10) I had to download an app called Google Automotive App Host, gonna refer to them as GAAH from now on, to be able to run my own created app. So far so good.
Now I came across a "problem" in my AndroidManifest.xml which says:
Implement permissions on this exported component. in the <service> section:
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="#mipmap/example_icon"
android:label="#string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="#mipmap/example_icon_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="#style/Theme.Example">
<meta-data
android:name="androidx.car.app.minCarApiLevel"
android:value="1" />
<service
android:name="com.example.launcher.services.LauncherService"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="androidx.car.app.CarAppService" />
</intent-filter>
</service>
<activity
android:name="androidx.car.app.activity.CarAppActivity"
android:exported="true"
android:launchMode="singleTask"
android:theme="#android:style/Theme.DeviceDefault.NoActionBar">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
<meta-data
android:name="distractionOptimized"
android:value="true" />
</activity>
</application>
Most of the answers stated, that android:exported should be set to false, which makes sense, so other apps don't have access to my own app.
The problem is, it also includes the aforementioned GAAH, which I need to be able to run it at all. It is not something game-breaking, it is just an inconvenience to deal with.
My question is: Are there ways to fix this issue and retain the ability for GAAH to run my app in AAOS?
Thanks in advance!
Grey
Edit: Expanded the XML section from <service> to <application>

The Google Automotive App Host holds the android.car.permission.TEMPLATE_RENDERER permission, so you should be able to use that as follows:
<service
android:name=(hidden)
android:exported="true"
android:permission="android.car.permission.TEMPLATE_RENDERER">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="androidx.car.app.CarAppService" />
</intent-filter>
</service>
Additionally, you can further refine which hosts you trust by overriding the CarAppService::createHostValidator method.

You uploaded an APK or Android App Bundle which has an activity, activity alias, service or broadcast receiver with intent filter, but without the 'an

Issue: You uploaded an APK or Android App Bundle which has an activity, activity alias, service, or broadcast receiver with intent filter, but without the 'android: exported' property set. This file can't be installed on Android 12 or higher. See developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#exported
My AndroidManifest.xml file
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
package="com.c4life.guardianangel">
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION"/>
<application
tools:replace="android:label"
android:label="GA"
android:exported="true"
android:icon="#mipmap/ic_launcher">
<meta-data android:name="com.google.android.geo.API_KEY"
android:value="[insert API key here]"/>
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:exported="true"
android:launchMode="singleTop"
android:theme="#style/LaunchTheme"
android:configChanges="orientation|keyboardHidden|keyboard|screenSize|smallestScreenSize|locale|layoutDirection|fontScale|screenLayout|density|uiMode"
android:hardwareAccelerated="true"
android:windowSoftInputMode="adjustResize">
<meta-data
android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.NormalTheme"
android:resource="#style/NormalTheme"
/>
<meta-data
android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable"
android:resource="#drawable/launch_background"
/>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<service android:name="changjoopark.com.flutter_foreground_plugin.FlutterForegroundService" android:exported="false"/>
<meta-data
android:name="flutterEmbedding"
android:value="2" />
</application>
<uses-sdk
android:targetSdkVersion="30"
tools:overrideLibrary="changjoopark.com.flutter_foreground_plugin" />

According to google new policy If your app targets Android 12 or higher and contains activities, services, or broadcast receivers that use intent filters, you must explicitly declare the android:exported: true attribute for these app components.
FOR FLUTTER AND REACT NATIVE PROJECTS :
add this line to AndroidManifest.xml file of project :
android:exported="true"
Now just rebuild your project. In most of the cases this work like a charm.
If above solution is not working or if your project is in Android Native follow the below instructions :
In the main manifest file check all the activities, services, and receivers that can use intent-filter which are without the android: exported tag.
Add android:exported="true" or android:exported="false" for these tags.
You might ask when I need to add android:exported="true" or android:exported="false" to the activities, services, or broadcast receivers that use intent filters. If the app component includes the LAUNCHER category, set android: exported to true otherwise set android: exported to false.
If adding the android: exported in the main manifest file not works for you follow the below steps:
open AndroidManifest.xml file and at the bottom select Merged Manifest.
like this :
if you are not able to preview Merged Manifest then in your build.gradle file
set compileSdkVersion 30 and targetSdkVersion 30 and sync your project and now try to open the merged manifest again I hope this time you will have a proper preview of the merged manifest. but if there is no preview don't worry you can still navigate to individual manifest files from different third-party libraries you have used in your project.
Note: also check individual third-party library manifest files if there is any activity, service, or receiver using then you have to override the same activity, service, or receiver in your main manifest file with android: exported property.
For Example in my case I have defined android: exported for each and every activity, service, or receiver in my main manifest file but in my project, I was using Razorpay dependency so in the manifest of Razorpay I found that there is an activity and receiver which are using property without android: exported so I declared them in my main manifest files.
as shown below :
<activity
android:name="com.razorpay.CheckoutActivity"
android:configChanges="keyboard|keyboardHidden|orientation|screenSize"
android:theme="#style/CheckoutTheme"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<data
android:host="rzp.io"
android:scheme="io.rzp" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<receiver android:name="com.razorpay.RzpTokenReceiver"
android:exported="true"
android:permission="android.permission.INTERNET">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="rzp.device_token.share" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
Note: in your case, you may have to go through more files and check activity, and services, and mention them in your main manifest file.
also after doing all this you can change back to targetSdkVersion 31 and compileSdkVersion 31 in your build.gradle file.

In my case, I just add this line to my manifest:
android:exported="true"

I finally fixed this issue
1: install emulator with android v 12
2: run your app
the compailer will tell you what service/reciver...etc casued the issue
now you have to add it to your manifist and add the android:exported="true" to it
in my case the prblem was with the local notifcation package
i got the message to fix this receiver
com.dexterous.flutterlocalnotifications.ScheduledNotificationBootReceiver
so i added to my manifist out side the main activity
<receiver android:name="com.dexterous.flutterlocalnotifications.ScheduledNotificationBootReceiver"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED"/>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED"/>
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
and it worked as intended

By just adding exported:true to your Android manifest activity did not solve my issue. Probably because the libraries your application depends on does not have exported:true You shouldn't encounter this bug in the future as long as the libraries are updated with exported:true
You have to
open project in Android studio
Open Androidmanifest.xml
At the bottom select merged manifest
Now ensure that you add exported to true wherever stated and fix those warnings specified on the line (in blue) and tapping blue text does not take you to one of these tags Services, activity, receiver in above step then look for the library for which the merge error exist
e.g a merge error here shows issue in flutter.plugins.firebasemessaging.FlutterFirebaseMessagingService
So go to the manifest of that specific library which is listed in blue above the error, where you can add exported to true.(this will also resolve the merge error)
Add exported to true in services tag
Video demo here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy0J8MNnE6g

if use targetSdkVersion=31
package="com.name.app"><!-- Channnge your package -->
<queries>
<intent>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<data android:scheme="https" />
</intent>
<intent>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.DIAL" />
<data android:scheme="tel" />
</intent>
<intent>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
<data android:mimeType="*/*" />
</intent>
</queries>
<application
android:label="Tut Elimi"
android:icon="#mipmap/ic_launcher">
<service android:name="com.example.app.backgroundService"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.app.START_BACKGROUND" />
</intent-filter>
</service>
<meta-data
android:name="com.google.android.gms.ads.APPLICATION_ID"
android:value=""/>
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:launchMode="singleTop"
android:theme="#style/LaunchTheme"
android:configChanges="orientation|keyboardHidden|keyboard|screenSize|smallestScreenSize|locale|layoutDirection|fontScale|screenLayout|density|uiMode"
android:hardwareAccelerated="true"
android:windowSoftInputMode="adjustResize"
android:exported="true">
<!-- Specifies an Android theme to apply to this Activity as soon as
the Android process has started. This theme is visible to the user
while the Flutter UI initializes. After that, this theme continues
to determine the Window background behind the Flutter UI. -->
<meta-data
android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.NormalTheme"
android:resource="#style/NormalTheme"
/>
<meta-data
android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable"
android:resource="#drawable/splash"
/>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
</intent-filter>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="FLUTTER_NOTIFICATION_CLICK" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
<!-- Displays an Android View that continues showing the launch screen
Drawable until Flutter paints its first frame, then this splash
screen fades out. A splash screen is useful to avoid any visual
gap between the end of Android's launch screen and the painting of
Flutter's first frame. -->
</activity>
<!-- Don't delete the meta-data below.
This is used by the Flutter tool to generate GeneratedPluginRegistrant.java -->
<receiver android:name="com.dexterous.flutterlocalnotifications.ScheduledNotificationBootReceiver"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED"/>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED"/>
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
<service
android:name="com.name.app.BackgroundService"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="true" />
<meta-data
android:name="flutterEmbedding"
android:value="2" />
</application>
</manifest> ````

The "exported" attribute describes whether or not someone else can be
allowed to use it.
So if you have "exported=false" on an Activity, no other app, or even
the Android system itself, can launch it. Only you can do that, from
inside your own application.
So settings "exported=false" on the Activity marked as the LAUNCHER
Activity would basically tell the system that it cant launch your
application, ever.

If you are not using any other project then update all library latest versions because some old library AndroidManifest.xml not added android: exported in activities, services, or broadcast receivers

If your Android Studio don't show the Merged Manifest tab, you can figure out what is the problem by searching on the merged AndroidManifest.xml file.
To me it was on: \build\app\intermediates\merged_manifests\release\AndroidManifest.xml
And my problem was the ScheduledNotificationBootReceiver:
Add this to your Manifest:
<receiver android:name="com.dexterous.flutterlocalnotifications.ScheduledNotificationBootReceiver"
android:exported="true">
</receiver>

If you are flutter developer and unable to find Merged Manifest tab, follow th e steps:
Open Project in Android Studio.
Navigate to main AndroidManifest.xml.
Navigation
Wait for Project Loading
Wait for Project
Here it is... Found

The problem on my RN app is that at debug/AndroidManifest.xml the exported for facebook.react.devsupport was set to false. changed that to true solved it.
Pressing merged Manifest showed me where the issue is.
Hope that helps.

Xamarin Forms: I was able to publish it, I had to update the AndroidManifest with the path obj\Release\120\android\manifest since some "receiver" were not there and had not added the "android:exported".

This is for Unity Developers in specific and for any frame work targeting android platform in general. If by any means, you are not able to publish even if you have added android:exported property to every activity/receiver containing intent filter, then you should do this approach and hopefully you will be able to solve the issue.
Problem
Recently, Playstore started to require apps / games to target API 31. You updated SDK, Gradle and all that stuff. You got a build, published to PlayStore and now Playstore is telling you, this
you uploaded an APK or Android App Bundle which has an activity, activity alias, service or broadcast receiver with intent filter, but without 'android:exported' property set.
YOU HAVE ALREADY TRIED
You now know that the Android Manifests including in you app / game contains some Activities, receivers, activity-alias etc which contain intent-filter but does not have android:exported property set to true or false.
You tried adding this property to all of the Manifests and unity 's own manifest by Enablisng Custom Android Manifest too. But still Playstore is not accepting the app.
You don't want to update Unity version to fix this. You still have a solution.
Let's Narrows down
You are doing good in adding android:exported property but when you are getting build, not all of those tags persist. During build, unity is replacing you properties, especially properties related to external plugins you have used in your app.
So lets have a look which plugins contain problematic activities/receivers etc.
Instead of building a bundle or apk, Export your unity project as Android Project.
Open project in android studio, and build there.
After build is complete, go to this file which is the Merged Menifest containing data from all individual manifests.
YourExportedProjectFolder\launcher\build\intermediates\merged_manifests\release
Go precisely through this file and check which activities/receivers etc does not contain exported:property set. Not down that plugin. That is the culprit.
Let's fix it
Go back to unity, go to the relevant plugin manifest, copy those specific problematic activities (Complete i.e. along with intent-filters) from that manifest and paste to
Assets/Plugin/Android/AndroidManifest
Something like this
<receiver android:name="universal.tools.notifications.ScheduledNotificationsRestorer"
android:exported="true"
tools:replace="android:exported">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
Now build again and you should be good to go!

for react native that have many library i fix it with this step :
first is you build or run, then you look at app/build/intermedied/merged_manifest/release/AndroidManifest.xml
then look at all that have then copy from open tag above it and the closing tag either it activities, services, or broadcast, receivers. then paste to folder android/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml and dont forget to put android:exported="true" to fix it. if you already cover all intent-filter then save then build again.

For Unity i did this, i went to gameProjectFolder\Temp\StagingArea y copy unityManifest to gameProjectFolder\Assets\Plugins\Android and changed the name to
AndroidManifest and in the label activity I add android:exported="true"

Adding the line android:exported="true" to my Manifes

Need to add android:exported="true" to all components which has an intent-filter.
See where you need to add it you can opening Merged Manifest file.

Just change
build.gradle -> defaultConfig
targetSdkVersion="31"
to
targetSdkVersion="30"
work normal for me.

AndroidManifest tags in Android directory are unknown to Flutter

I need to have some native Android codes and configs in my Flutter project, for example in AndroidManifest.xml file. But attributes of the tags that I add are unknown (red colored) and not working, specifically <receiver> and <intent-filter> tags that I use here.
I also need to address some native java files located in a Flutter library and I don't know how to that too!
Following are my manifest image in my IDE and its code:
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.flutterapp">
<!-- The INTERNET permission is required for development. Specifically,
flutter needs it to communicate with the running application
to allow setting breakpoints, to provide hot reload, etc.
-->
<!-- io.flutter.app.FlutterApplication is an android.app.Application that
calls FlutterMain.startInitialization(this); in its onCreate method.
In most cases you can leave this as-is, but you if you want to provide
additional functionality it is fine to subclass or reimplement
FlutterApplication and put your custom class here. -->
<application
android:name="io.flutter.app.FlutterApplication"
android:label="my app"
android:allowBackup="false"
android:fullBackupContent="false"
android:icon="#mipmap/ic_launcher">
<activity android:name=".MainActivity"
android:launchMode="singleTop"
android:theme="#android:style/Theme.Black.NoTitleBar"
android:configChanges="orientation|keyboardHidden|keyboard|screenSize|locale|layoutDirection"
android:hardwareAccelerated="true"
android:windowSoftInputMode="adjustResize">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<receiver android:name = ".SmsReceiver" android:permission="android.permission.BROADCAST_SMS">
<intent-filter android:priority="999" >
<action android:name="android.intent.action.SMS_RECEIVED" />
<action android:name="android.provider.Telephony.SMS_DELIVER" />
<data
android:scheme="sms"
android:host="*"
android:port="1235" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>
</manifest>

Flutter editor in Android Studio doesn't have proper lint check for Android project code. To access the Android project with proper lint check, it's better to open it via Tools > Flutter > Open Android module in Android Studio

unfortunately package installer has stopped android

I want to create a live wallpaper in android. My app works fine on emulator but on my phone, I am not able to install it.
Here is my AndroidManifest.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="#mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="#string/app_name"
android:permission="android.permission.BIND_WALLPAPER"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:debuggable="false"
android:theme="#style/AppTheme">
<service
android:name="GIFWallpaperService"
android:enabled="true"
android:label="Wallpaper Example "
android:permission="android.permission.BIND_WALLPAPER" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.service.wallpaper.WallpaperService" >
</action>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
<meta-data
android:name="android.service.wallpaper"
android:resource="#xml/wallpaper" >
</meta-data>
</service>
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
wallpaper.xml :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<wallpaper
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:label="GIF Wallpaper"
android:debuggable="false"
android:thumbnail="#mipmap/ic_launcher">
</wallpaper>
Whenever I try to run my code on emulator everything works fine but when I copy
"app-debug" to my phone and try to install it does not work.
After installation is complete I get two options :
Open the app.
Done.
If I click Done nothing happens and afterwards if I click my installed app icon it says app is not installed.
If I click open at the end of installation it says unfortunately package installer has stopped android

Debuggable is set to false right? Does not that mean that you can not debug with it? Try removing 'android:debuggable="false",'and see if it works.

I found my answer here :
Android Permission Denial starting Intent for Wallpaper Settings
I had android:permission="android.permission.BIND_WALLPAPER" at the wrong place.