Develop Reference

How to play audio through earpiece in android 12?

I am developing a voice call app for android using PeerJS and WebView. And I want the audio to play through the earpiece. Here is my code,
private fun initAudio(){
am = getSystemService(AUDIO_SERVICE) as AudioManager
volumeControlStream = AudioManager.STREAM_VOICE_CALL
am.mode = AudioManager.MODE_IN_COMMUNICATION
am.isSpeakerphoneOn = false//<= not working in android 12
}
private fun toggleSpeakerMode(){
am.isSpeakerphoneOn = !am.isSpeakerphoneOn // <= final value is always true in android 12
}
The above code works fine on older versions of android, but not in android 12 (emulator).
am.isSpeakerphoneOn is always true in android 12. Am I doing something wrong here? Or is it a bug in the emulator?

there is a new API call in Android 12/S/API 31, setCommunicationDevice(AudioDeviceInfo). for switching between speaker an built-in earpiece now we can use:
ArrayList<Integer> targetTypes = new ArrayList<>();
if (earpieceMode) {
targetTypes.add(AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_EARPIECE);
} else { // play out loud
targetTypes.add(AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER);
}
// more targetTypes may be added in some cases
// set up will pick and first available, so order matters
List<AudioDeviceInfo> devices = audioManager.getAvailableCommunicationDevices();
outer:
for (Integer targetType : targetTypes) {
for (AudioDeviceInfo device : devices) {
if (device.getType() == targetType) {
boolean result = audioManager.setCommunicationDevice(device);
Log.i("AUDIO_MANAGER", "setCommunicationDevice type:" + targetType + " result:" + result);
if (result) break outer;
}
}
}
mode change isn't needed (but for voip calls is strongly suggested) and my streams are AudioManager.STREAM_VOICE_CALL type (where applicable)

By default webrtc uses earpiece for voice playing.
However,alternatively You can call the setSpeakerphoneOn(false) that is defined in the AudioManager.java class.
Just pass false in this function parameter and it will disable the speaker phone in the call and earpiece will be used.
I have also tested it on the android 12 phones and it is working fine.
If issue still persist then you have some bug in your emulator.

RXBleConnection keep dropping after connection established (Status 19)

I'm developing an application to pair with two kind of sensors with the app and also these sensors are pairing with each other, we developed our custom bluetooth communication protocol. The connection is working great usually, but there are still some errors that I'm having hard time to fix it.
Sensor 1 paring alone is working great, but every time I'm pairing both of them, then i close the app, pair it again with first sensor, I got disconnected with status 19 just after the connection is established, after I try again one or two times the connection will be established properly. I was thinking that was a problem with Gatt refresh, but I already tried one solution found here and I keep reproducing this error every time.
fun connectToDevice(device: BraincareDevice, pairColor: Int) {
BleLogHelper.writeLog("Connecting to ${device.name}")
isConnecting = true
val deviceType = if (device is Sensor) DeviceType.SENSOR else DeviceType.DONGLE
if (deviceType == DeviceType.SENSOR) {
sensorConnectionSubscription?.dispose()
} else {
dongleConnectionSubscription?.dispose()
}
val connectionSubscription = device.device.establishConnection(false)
.flatMapSingle { connection ->
if (device is Sensor) {
sensorConnection = connection
connectedSensor = device
} else if (device is Dongle) {
dongleConnection = connection
connectedDongle = device
}
connection.queue(CustomRefresh())
?.observeOn(Schedulers.io())
?.doOnComplete{
BleLogHelper.writeLog("GATT REFRESHED")
}
?.subscribe ({
BleLogHelper.writeLog("GATT REFRESHED")
},{
BleLogHelper.writeLog("FAIL REFRESHING GATT")
})
BleLogHelper.writeLog("Send Request Connection Command $deviceType")
val command = BraincareBluetoothCommandProtocol.createRequestConnectionCommandFrame(deviceType)
connection.writeCharacteristic(BraincareBluetoothProtocol.rxCharacteristicUUID, command)
}
.delay(300, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.subscribe({
BleLogHelper.writeLog("Connection Established ${device.type}")
val iscon= this.isConnecting
startBlinkingDeviceLed(deviceType, pairColor)
connectionFlowListeners.forEach { it.onConnectionEstablished(device) }
}, {
BleLogHelper.writeError("Connection Lost ${device.type}", it)
BleLogHelper.writeError("Retrying...", it)
val iscon= this.isConnecting
if (isMonitoring || isConnecting || deviceType == DeviceType.DONGLE){
connectionStateListeners.forEach {
if (deviceType == DeviceType.SENSOR) {
sensorNotificationSubscription?.dispose()
sensorRssiSubscription?.dispose()
blinkingDeviceLedsSubscription?.dispose()
disconnectFromDevice(DeviceType.SENSOR)
} else {
dongleRssiSubscription?.dispose()
disconnectFromDevice(DeviceType.DONGLE)
}
isConnecting = false
it.onConnectionLost(device)
}
}else{
reconnectToDevice(device, pairColor)
}
})
if (deviceType == DeviceType.SENSOR) {
sensorConnectionSubscription = connectionSubscription
} else {
dongleConnectionSubscription = connectionSubscription
}
}
The exception is firing just after connection.writeCharacteristic(BraincareBluetoothProtocol.rxCharacteristicUUID, command)
Log error:
2019-05-21 10:54:11.816 11797-11889/io.b4c.brain4care.debug E/BLEBC: 21/05/2019 10:54:11.810 - Connection Lost SENSOR
com.polidea.rxandroidble2.exceptions.BleDisconnectedException: Disconnected from D4:57:4F:53:44:E7 with status 19 (UNKNOWN)
at com.polidea.rxandroidble2.internal.connection.RxBleGattCallback$2.onConnectionStateChange(RxBleGattCallback.java:77)
at android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt$1$4.run(BluetoothGatt.java:268)
at android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt.runOrQueueCallback(BluetoothGatt.java:789)
at android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt.-wrap0(Unknown Source:0)
at android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt$1.onClientConnectionState(BluetoothGatt.java:264)
at android.bluetooth.IBluetoothGattCallback$Stub.onTransact(IBluetoothGattCallback.java:70)
at android.os.Binder.execTransact(Binder.java:682)

status=19 is GATT_CONN_TERMINATE_PEER_USER. This library since version 1.8.1 lists the reason properly. It is always advised to use the newest available version of basically any library as they bring improvements over time.
There is no clear question in the post. With the provided information it is not possible to tell more than the above — the peripheral you use disconnects from the app. Why this happens is up to your peripheral and you can possibly find an answer in the documentation.
Bear in mind that newer Android versions do not allow concurrent pairing procedures to more than one BLE device at a time. Pairing of two devices should be performed sequentially i.e.
Peripheral A starts pairing
Peripheral A finishes pairing
Peripheral B starts pairing
Peripheral B finishes pairing
Peripherals may be connected at the same time but only a single pairing procedure may be held at a time.

socket receive and send are very slow over TCP

kernel_recvmsg with option MSG_WAITALL is taking long time to receive data. even tried default option with flag 0. Overall throughput is affected with kernel_recvmsg. TCP_NODELAY socket option also set. tried to change all kinds of recv and send buffer options, between client and server but overall throughput is not getting changed.
server: windows 10 PC
client: Android 7.1 linux version 4.4.63
testing in 5 ghz network...
Is there any options left over to try.
timers below added shows that more time is consumed in kernel_recvmsg. even perf tool calls shows more time is consumed in kenrel_recvmsg.
t_usb.rx_rcv_start = ktime_get();
while (total_rcvd < length && total_rcvd >= 0 &&
!kthread_should_stop()) {
kvec.iov_base = tcp_recv_buf+data_rcvd;
kvec.iov_len = length-data_rcvd;
data_rcvd = kernel_recvmsg(tcp_socket->socket, msg, &kvec,
1, length - total_rcvd, MSG_WAITALL);
if (data_rcvd > 0) {
total_rcvd += data_rcvd;
} else {
vfree(tcp_recv_buf);
return data_rcvd;
}
}
t_usb.rx_start = t_usb.rx_rcv_end=ktime_get();

Android BatteryManager returning 0 for all property-retrieval calls

I'm having trouble trying to access most of the stats from my Android device's battery such as BATTERY_PROPERTY_CAPACITY, BATTERY_PROPERTY_CHARGE_COUNTER or BATTERY_PROPERTY_CURRENT_AVERAGE. These properties are all clearly documented here: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/BatteryManager.html
I have the following permission declared on my manifest:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BATTERY_STATS" />
I have a non-null BatteryManager instance:
mBatteryManager = (BatteryManager) getSystemService(BATTERY_SERVICE);
And whenever I try to retrieve these stats:
double remainingCapacity = mBatteryManager.getIntProperty(
BatteryManager.BATTERY_PROPERTY_CAPACITY);
double batteryCapacityMicroAh = mBatteryManager.getIntProperty(
BatteryManager.BATTERY_PROPERTY_CHARGE_COUNTER);
double averageCurrentMicroA = mBatteryManager.getIntProperty(
BatteryManager.BATTERY_PROPERTY_CURRENT_AVERAGE);
The results are all 0 for all of those. Always, without fail, 0. I've tried this on an emulator, an actual device, and everything I've thought of has failed to modify my results.
I'd greatly appreciate any help. Ultimately, what I'm trying to do is calculate the time remaining for a device to reach its full charge (while charging). Thanks in advance.

Not sure if this is any help for you now, but only phones that have a battery fuel gauge (https://source.android.com/devices/tech/power/device.html) can report back some of the values you are looking for. AFAIK, only the Nexus 6, 9, and 10 gives all three values you are looking for, with Nexus 5 giving only BATTERY_PROPERTY_CAPACITY.

You need to register for Action_Battery_Changed broadcast . This will get invoked whenever this event occurs. Since this is a sticky Intent, it keeps on broadcasting once registered. The method below would get the current level of battery.
private void getBatteryPercentage() {
BroadcastReceiver batteryLevelReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
context.unregisterReceiver(this);
int currentLevel = intent.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_LEVEL, -1);
int scale = intent.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_SCALE, -1);
int level = -1;
if (currentLevel >= 0 && scale > 0) {
level = (currentLevel * 100) / scale;
}
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, level + "%", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
};
IntentFilter batteryLevelFilter = new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED);
registerReceiver(batteryLevelReceiver, batteryLevelFilter);
}

Value of BatteryManager.EXTRA_LEVEL is current battery capacity.
I guess you are looking for the total capacity(full), you need to read /sys/class/power_supply/battery/charge_full_design or charge_full, different manufacturers may have different path.

Works real device api 30, without permission
val batteryManager = context.getSystemService(Context.BATTERY_SERVICE) as BatteryManager
val capacity = batteryManager.getIntProperty(BatteryManager.BATTERY_PROPERTY_CAPACITY)
val counter = batteryManager.getIntProperty(BatteryManager.BATTERY_PROPERTY_CHARGE_COUNTER)
val average = batteryManager.getIntProperty(BatteryManager.BATTERY_PROPERTY_CURRENT_AVERAGE)

How do I programmatically show data usage of all applications?

On Android 4.0 onwards we have data usage control options in the phone. Please check the attached screen shot for further understanding.
http://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0-highlights.html
Now I have some requirement to check these things (All Application's Data usage in specific time period/specific days) from my application. How can I achieve this? I am also using the below class for Network Usage details.
http://developer.oesf.biz/em/developer/reference/eggplant/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.html
Please check the below link images. I need to develop the same kind of application.
http://developer.android.com/sdk/images/4.0/usage-all-lg.png
http://developer.android.com/sdk/images/4.0/usage-maps-lg.png
Thanks for sharing your code, but I need to know data used by each application instead of all applications. So far I observed in the links no one is talking about data usage of individual applications. I already know how to show installed applications in the device. Now I would like to know what's the data used by each and every application.
I am using the below code for list of installed applications in the device.
private ArrayList<PInfo> getInstalledApps(boolean getSysPackages) {
ArrayList<PInfo> res = new ArrayList<PInfo>();
List<PackageInfo> packs = getPackageManager().getInstalledPackages(0);
for (int i=0; i<packs.size(); i++) {
PackageInfo p = packs.get(i);
if ((!getSysPackages) && (p.versionName == null)) {
continue ;
}
PInfo newInfo = new PInfo();
newInfo.setAppname(p.applicationInfo.loadLabel(getPackageManager()).toString());
newInfo.setPname(p.packageName);
newInfo.setVersionName(p.versionName);
newInfo.setVersionCode(p.versionCode);
newInfo.setIcon(p.applicationInfo.loadIcon(getPackageManager()));
res.add(newInfo);
}
return res;
}
How do I know what's the data used by each application?
Actually, I need a solution which gives data usage of applications in a given time period, i.e. in between two days.

Old Answer (Mostly work for devices below Api level 23)
First, get a list of all running apps' process info:
List<RunningAppProcessInfo>
Then get the UID of every app and get then send and receive traffic of the app:
// Get running processes
ActivityManager manager = (ActivityManager) getSystemService(ACTIVITY_SERVICE);
List<RunningAppProcessInfo> runningApps = manager.getRunningAppProcesses();
for (RunningAppProcessInfo runningApp : runningApps) {
// Get UID of the selected process
int uid = ((RunningAppProcessInfo)getListAdapter().getItem(position)).uid;
// Get traffic data
long received = TrafficStats.getUidRxBytes(uid);
long send = TrafficStats.getUidTxBytes(uid);
Log.v("" + uid , "Send :" + send + ", Received :" + received);
}
Edited Answer
There are some more options to get network usage :
NetworkStatsManager - So NetworkStatsManager is an option which is also provides required info but it has a drawback i.e. This API is available only on Marshmallow(API level 23) or higher. For the devices below to api 23 the my old answer can be used.
According to the official documentation:
[NetworkStatsManager] provides network traffic statistics. These
statistics include bytes transmitted and received and network packets
transmitted and received, over all interfaces, over the mobile
interface, and on a per-UID basis.
So to use NetworkStatsManager :
Declare required permissions in AndroidManifest file :
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" / >
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS"
tools:ignore="ProtectedPermissions" / >
Since “android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS” is a system level
permission we will need to handle the request in a different manner.
In order to check, whether the permission has been granted, check:
AppOpsManager appOps = (AppOpsManager) getSystemService(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE);
int mode = appOps.checkOpNoThrow(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_GET_USAGE_STATS,
android.os.Process.myUid(), getPackageName());
if (mode == AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED) {
return true;
}
This permission can be granted from the Settings -> Security -> Apps with usage access screen. To ask for this permission, simply start an activity with Settings.ACTION_USAGE_ACCESS_SETTINGS Intent to help the user to get there:
startActivity(new Intent(Settings.ACTION_USAGE_ACCESS_SETTINGS));
Once everything has been set up you can get an instance of NetworkStatsManager which we will need to fetch network usage data:
NetworkStatsManager networkStatsManager = (NetworkStatsManager) context.getSystemService(Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE);
Whatever query you will perform, you will get as a result a NetworkStats.Bucket or a NetworkStats (which is basically a container for multiple buckets with methods hasNextBucket() and getNextBucket() to access the real data (also remember to use close() before the object is out of scope).
In every query you will have to specify the network type (ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI or ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE).
Subscriber Id required to make query and it remains same unless the user switches SIM card or carrier. To get that
TelephonyManager telephonyManager = (TelephonyManager) context.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
String subscriberId = manager.getSubscriberId();
To access an individual app stats you will need the uid of that app, which is an int value assigned by the system to each app at install time.
PackageManager packageManager = context.getPackageManager();
ApplicationInfo info = packageManager.getApplicationInfo("com.example.app", 0);
int uid = info.uid;
UIDs used for the network usage caused by :

Unistalled apps : UID_REMOVED
Tethering : UID_TETHERING
Android OS : SYSTEM_UID
To get stats for all apps : UID_ALL
Some example queries:
To get all Rx and Tx bytes of Mobile :
NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = networkStatsManager.querySummaryForDevice(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, getSubscriberId(context, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE), 0, System.currentTimeMillis());
 
bucket.getRxBytes();
bucket.getTxBytes();
To get all Rx and Tx bytes of Wifi :
NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = networkStatsManager.querySummaryForDevice(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, ””, 0, System.currentTimeMillis());
bucket.getRxBytes();
bucket.getTxBytes();
To get all Rx and Tx bytes of Mobile for package :
NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = networkStatsManager.queryDetailsForUid(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, getSubscriberId(context, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE), 0, System.currentTimeMillis(),packageUid);
 
long rxBytes = 0L;
long txBytes = 0L;
NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = new NetworkStats.Bucket();
while (networkStats.hasNextBucket()) {
networkStats.getNextBucket(bucket);
rxBytes += bucket.getRxBytes();
txBytes += bucket.getTxBytes();
}
networkStats.close();
To get all Rx and Tx bytes of Wifi for package :
NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = networkStatsManager.queryDetailsForUid(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, “”, 0, System.currentTimeMillis(),packageUid);
long rxBytes = 0L;
long txBytes = 0L;
NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = new NetworkStats.Bucket();
while (networkStats.hasNextBucket()) {
networkStats.getNextBucket(bucket);
rxBytes += bucket.getRxBytes();
txBytes += bucket.getTxBytes();
}
networkStats.close();
Note :
Those queries should never be performed on the main thread or
they will cause your app to drop frame.
NetworkStatsManager.query* throws RemoteException
Roaming and tag were added in API level 24 (Android 7.0 Nougat) so if you’re targeting Marshmallow (API level 23) you won’t be able to use those.
Since API level 24 (Android 7.0 Nougat) you can use NetworkStatsManager without the PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS permission if you only want to get your app data. You’d still need it if your goal is to access other apps’ stats.
2. TrafficStats : It also provides required info but there are some drawbacks which makes it unreliable at least :
Data resets after every reboot
It may also be unsupported on some devices.
Some example methods of TrafficStats:
- To get Total Rx bytes - TrafficStats.getTotalRxBytes();
- To get Total Tx bytes - TrafficStats.getTotalTxBytes();
- To get all Mobile Rx bytes - TrafficStats.getMobileRxBytes();
- To get all Mobile Tx bytes - TrafficStats.getMobileTxBytes();
- To get all Wifi Rx bytes - TrafficStats.getTotalRxBytes() - TrafficStats.getMobileRxBytes();
- To get all Wifi Tx bytes - TrafficStats.getTotalTxBytes() - TrafficStats.getMobileTxBytes();
- To get Package Rx Bytes : - TrafficStats.getUidRxBytes(packageUid);
- To get Package Tx Bytes : - TrafficStats.getUidTxBytes(packageUid);

You can use the android.net.TrafficStats for getting the network usage details.
Please find a sample program below for the same.
package com.anchit.trafficstatus;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Menu;
public class TrafficStatus extends Activity {
#Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.e("bytes recvd", "" + android.net.TrafficStats.getMobileRxBytes());
Log.e("Total", "Bytes received" + android.net.TrafficStats.getTotalRxBytes());
}
#Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
return true;
}
}

The solution from Arunendra, dated 2015, didn't immediately work for me on SDK 28 (Pie).
So I modified as follows:
void networkUsage() {
// Get running processes
ActivityManager manager = (ActivityManager) getSystemService(ACTIVITY_SERVICE);
List<ActivityManager.RunningAppProcessInfo> runningApps = manager.getRunningAppProcesses();
for (ActivityManager.RunningAppProcessInfo runningApp : runningApps) {
long received = TrafficStats.getUidRxBytes(runningApp.uid);
long sent = TrafficStats.getUidTxBytes(runningApp.uid);
Log.d(LOG_TAG, String.format(Locale.getDefault(),
"uid: %1d - name: %s: Sent = %1d, Rcvd = %1d", runningApp.uid, runningApp.processName, sent, received));
}
}

Note that the statistics returned by this class reset and start from zero after every reboot. To access more robust historical network statistics data, use NetworkStatsManager instead.
Src: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/TrafficStats
Please look at this answer for detailed info on how to use NetworkStatsManager: https://stackoverflow.com/a/39412045/6341943